Global oil production is falling faster than market expectations as production cuts by OPEC members coincide with a sharp slide in supplies from some producers outside the cartel, raising the prospect of a price rise. 随着欧佩克(opec)成员国减产,全球石油产量的下降速度超出了市场预期,同时来自部分非欧佩克石油生产国的供应大幅下滑,这加大了油价上涨的可能性。
But the cartel appears confident the market can avoid the price shock many are forecasting, as Chinese demand grows. 但这个卡特尔组织似乎有信心认为,随着中国需求增长,市场能够避免不少人预测会出现的价格冲击。
Analysts warned that the cartel risked opening the door to further price increases, particularly if China, India and the Middle East, the main engines of oil-demand growth, were unaffected by the US credit squeeze, and the winter was cold. 分析师们警告称,欧佩克可能引发油价进一步上涨。如果中国、印度和中东这几部促进石油需求增长的主引擎没有受到美国信贷紧缩的影响,而冬季又很寒冷,这种可能性就更大。
A cartel of merchants used to fix the price but the Chinese have broken this. 一个商人联盟过去固定价格,但中国的商人打破了这一困局。
The hawks in the cartel, unconcerned about consumers 'pain, demanded a much higher price. 而组织中的鹰派不体谅消费者的疾苦,要出的价格远远高出30美元。
Opec members such as Venezuela and Iran, which need higher oil prices to balance their budgets and bolster their short-term fiscal positions, have been keen for the cartel to curb further price falls through production cuts. 委内瑞拉和伊朗等欧佩克成员国需要更高的油价才能平衡预算,加强各自的短期财政状况;这些国家殷切希望欧佩克通过减产来遏止油价进一步下跌。
Moreover, while the OPEC cartel defends a minimum price for oil, only the laws of supply and demand apply for copper. 此外,欧佩克(opec)这个卡特尔组织会竭力维持一个最低的石油价格,但对铜而言,只有供需关系这一法则可以适用。
Accordingly, the process of power shift in company structures has changed the expression form of price cartel, and changed the way in which the law regulates price cartel. 这种权力在公司机构间的移动过程相应地改变了价格卡特尔的表现形式,进而改变了法律规制卡特尔的方法。
In the classic script for a Cartel, the group sets a unified optimally exploiting price structure. 按照卡特尔的传统范本,这个集团制定出一个统一的最有利于剥削的价格结构。
Thoughts on the Cartel Power Plant Price 发电商价格卡特尔之思考
Export Cartel means horizontal restrictions between exporters in order to set a common industry export price, establish export quotas among members and assign exclusive trading areas overseas. 出口卡特尔是出口商之间设定价格同盟以及建立排他性出口销售渠道的横向协议。
The term of Price Cartel means that two or two more business operators having competition relations unit to restrict market competition and obtain exorbitant monopoly profit by commonly fixing the price of merchandise or service directly or indirectly by means of contact, agreement and some other forms. 认为价格卡特尔是指两个或两个以上具有竞争关系的经营者,以合同、协议或其他方式,共同直接或间接固定商品或服务价格,以限制市场竞争,牟取超常垄断利润所实施的联合。
Cartel alliance is a important form of the cooperation between the companies, it run after the industry payoff with the method of limit price and limit quantity, thus share the revenue according to the fair distributing mechanism. Cartel联盟是当前企业合作的重要形式,它以限价和限量为手段追求行业收益,然后再根据公平的分配机制分享利润。
Price cartel is the behavior conducted by operators who compete in the same industry, which aim at obtaining monopoly profits, to fix, change and control the price of goods or services by agreement, resolution or concerted behavior. 价格卡特尔是指同行业有竞争关系的经营者,为获取垄断利润,通过协议、决议或协同一致的行为,固定、改变、控制商品或服务价格的行为。
Trade association price cartel has solid performance, more subtle behavior and more serious harm than general price cartel. 行业协会价格卡特尔具有执行的牢固性,行为更具隐蔽性,并且和一般的价格卡特尔相比危害更为严重。
Chapter 1 reviews the literature on oil models and shows that target-revenue, cartel and dominant-firm models are not able to provide consistent theories of oil price determination especially during periods of disequilibrium when the actual pricing behavior of oil producers contradicts the models 'main assumptions. 回顾已有的石油模型,如目标收入,卡特尔,但它们无法提供持续的石油价格决定理论决定,特别是在非均衡时期石油生产国的实际定价行为违背了模型的主要假设。
BPC is an export cartel established by Russia and Belarus two largest potash fertilizer company. But potash price in Russia is far lower than export price, so BPC belongs to pure export cartel. BPC是由俄罗斯和白俄罗斯的两家最大的钾肥生产企业组成的出口卡特尔,但俄罗斯国内的价格远低于出口价格,因此,BPC属于纯粹的出口卡特尔。
In the United States, trade association price cartel is suited for the per se rule to determine illegality, while in other civil law countries, trade association price cartel is clearly defined as illegality. 在美国,行业协会价格卡特尔行为适用本身违法原则判断其违法性,而在其他的大陆法系国家,都是在成文法中明确规定行业协会价格卡特尔行为的违法性。